Central
Bee Research Institute
Directorate of Beekeeping
Khadi
and Village Industries Commission
1153, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune
411 016.
Technical Bulletin No. 20 October 1985
PROPAGATION OF BEE PLANTS
Introduction
Honey bees are dependent on flowering plants for their food : pollen and nectar. Pollen is a protein source and nectar is a carbohydrate source to bees. Continuous availability of forage to bees is of prime importance for stationary beekeeping. In other words, there should be plants which flower round the year. Any gap in flowering for more than two weeks can result in dwindling and desertion of bee colonies. The density of the bee plants is another factor which decides the available food and the colony number in a location.
In India, beekeeping is mainly a forest based industry, though in certain pockets it is practised on agricultural belts. In hills, there are short and long floral gaps. In the plants, on agricultural farms food is not available to honeybees throughout the year. Bees can get forage only during the flowering season of crops but starve in the remaining period.
Problems in Progress of Beekeeping
The main hurdle for the progress of beekeeping in the country is deforestation. The depletion of bee forage in the forests results in the decreasing number of bee colonies and low honey production. In the agricultural plains vast areas exist without any shade for the bee hives. Trees or large shrubs have to be planted to provide shelter to the bees. Indiscriminate use of insecticides on crops kills bees. Usually if only one crop is grown in a large area bees cannot get alternate sources and are forced to collect food from sprayed crops.
Importance of Propagation of Bee Plants
Propagation of bee plants is necessary, (i) to increase the availability of bee forage; (ii) to ensure continuous availability of bee forage and (iii) to bridge short floral gaps, in order to keep the bee colonies strong.
Propagation of trees useful to bees is not for survival of honey bees or honey production alone. Importance of bees to pollination of agricultural and horticultural crops is well known. The value of pollination is many times more than that of honey production. So, improvement in bee plants benefits the local population of bees and other wild insects, thereby helping crop pollination and farm production.
Plant Propagation
The beekeeper himself can do much by undertaking bee plant propagation and by encouraging others to do the same. He should plant useful bee plants near his apiaries to get flowers throughout the year.
In order to get the benefits of bee pollination, the farmers have to provide for bee forage when there are no crops flowering in the farms. Various trees and shrubs can be planted along hedges, borders, bunds and waste lands, which can provide nectar and pollens to bees. In addition, the farmers can also introduce several crops like coriander, maize etc. in crop rotation schedules. These crops provide valuable bee forage when needed and at the same time augment the income of the farmers through their produce.
The programmes of afforestation, social and farm forestry assume special significance in the national rural development programmes. Afforestation of plants useful to honey bees helps beekeeping. This also helps to develop forests as an ecologically balanced biological unit. A systematic programme of reforestation with bee plants can, in a few years time sustain a large number of bee colonies which can also provide gainful self-employment to the local forest or tribal population. The benefits of such a programme will start accruing after five to ten years. In view of this, it is necessary to take up large scale afforestation programmes as soon as possible.
Generally under different plantation programmes, the fast growing tree species are selected for plantation. These species have limited use, such as timber or fire wood. To improve the aesthetic appeal and maintain a healthy atmosphere, it is necessary to cultivate and conserve plant species which have multiple uses like timber, fruit, medicine and fuel in addition to their utility to bees. This can allow undertaking of beekeeping for honey production and increased crop production through bee pollination. Keeping in view the above needs the Central Bee Research Institute has prepared lists of bee plants useful for various purposes.
These can be planted under different climatic and edaphic conditions. Plants are listed here under different climatic regions, viz. arid or semi-arid regions, tropical humid climates sub-tropical and temperate regions, sea coasts and marsh lands. Plants are also listed for social forestry, garden ornamentals and avenues. Common and vernacular names are given for each species, wherever possible. The language is indicated in brackets - H : Hindi; Tam : Tamale; Tel : Telugu; Kan : Kannada; Mal : Malayalam; Guj : Gujarathi; Ben : Bengali; O : Oriya; Mar : Marathi; P : Punjabi.
Availability of Seeds / Seedlings
The department of forests in every state maintains nurseries of forest trees. Important species useful to honey bees can be selected for afforestation programmes. A large supply of seedlings and planting material can be obtained from the nurseries of the forest department.
Seeds or seedlings given in the lists may also be available with private firms. The addresses of some firms are given below.
Mention of any private name or address does not mean any promotion or recommendation of the individual or firm. This is purely to guide a layman, since many enquiries are received at this Institute for seed of bee plants. The Institute does not take any guarantee or assure the quality of seed or any material taken from these firms.
|
Pratap Nursery and Seed Stores, Pandit Wari, P.O. Prem Nagar, Dehradun - 248 007. |
M/s. G.A. Krishna and Company, Tree Seeds Exporters, F-86, Kampana Street, Mavalli, Bangalore - 560 004. |
|
Gopal Nursery and Seed Stores, 318-A, Chukhuwale, Dehradun - 248 001. |
Indian Nursery and Seeds Sales Crop., Pandit Wari, P.O. Prem Nagar, Dehradun - 248 007. |
|
Pocha Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Post Box No. 55, New Sholapur Bazar, Pune - 411 040. |
Kumaon Nursery, Ramnagar, Nainital Dist. (U.P.) |
|
Itmadpur Nursery, Post Amarnagar, Faridabad - 121 003. |
N. Cooper and Co., 3, Queens Garden, Pune - 411 001. |
LISTS OF THE BEE PLANTS FOR PROPAGATION IN INDIA
ARID OR SEMI-ARID REGIONS / DECIDUOUS FORESTS
|
Sr. |
Botanical Name |
Family |
Common / Local Names |
Economic Use |
|
1. |
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth |
Mimosaceae |
Austrilian Phyllode acacia |
Fire wood |
|
2. |
Acacia catechu (Linn. F.) Willd. |
Mimosaceae |
Cutch tree : Khair (H) |
Cutchu from heart wood |
|
3. |
Acacia senegal (Linn.) Willd |
Mimosaceae |
Kher |
Gum |
|
4. |
Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. |
Mimosaceae |
Soap pod wattle; Shikakai (H); Shikai (Tam) |
Soapnut; brk for dyeing and tanning; Live fence; Fire wood |
|
5. |
Adenanthere pavonina Linn. |
Mimosaceae |
Coral wood; Barighumchi (H); Rakta Kambal (Beng) |
Timber |
|
6. |
Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa |
Rutaceae |
Bael tree; Bel (H); Vilvam (Tam); Maredu (Tel) |
Fruits edible; Medicinal; Timber |
|
7. |
Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. |
Rubiaceae |
Kadamba (H); Kadam (Beng); Vellaicadamba (Tam) |
Wood useful; Flowers fragrant |
|
8. |
Bombax ceiba Linn. |
Bombacaceae |
Red silk cotton; Semul (H); Lal Sawar (Mar) |
Seed fibre; Timber |
|
9. |
Buchanania lanzan Spreng |
Anacardiaceae |
Sara (Tel); Chironji (H); Morala (Tam) |
Fruit and seeds edible; Oil from kernels |
|
10. |
Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. |
Bombacaceae |
White silk cotton; Safed-simul Katesawar (Mar); Ilavu (Tam) |
Seed fibre; Timber; |
|
11. |
Dalbergia spp. |
Fabaceae |
Shisham etc. |
Durable Timber |
|
12. |
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Emblic myrabolan; Amla (H); Nelli (Mal & Kan); Avla (Mar) |
Fruits edible; Medicinal |
|
13. |
Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker |
Myrtaceae |
Red bore |
Excellent charcoal |
|
14. |
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
Flacountriaceae |
Sweet thorn |
Fire wood |
|
15. |
Gmelina arborea Linn. |
Verbenaceae |
Ghamar (H); Kattanam (Tam) |
Timber; Fodder |
|
16. |
Leucaena spp. |
Mimosaceae |
Soobabul (H & Mar); Tagarai (Tam); Lasobaval (Guj) |
Green manure; Fodder; Timber; Five wood |
|
17. |
Limonia acidissima Linn. |
Rutaceae |
Wood apple; Kait (H); Velaga (Tel); Kavath (Mar) |
Fruits edible; Gum; Wood |
|
18. |
Madhuca spp. |
Sapotaceae |
Mohwa, etc. |
Timber; Oil from seeds; Fruits edible |
|
19. |
Moringa oleifera Lamk. |
Moringaceae |
Drumstick tree; Sainjana (H); Murangai (Tam); Shevga (Mar); Munaga (Tel) |
Leaves, flowers and fruits eaten as vegetables; Medicinal |
|
20. |
Parkinsonia aculeata Linn. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Jarusalem thorn; Vilayati Kikar (H) |
Ornamental; Avenue tree |
|
21. |
Phoenix dactylifera Linn. |
Arecaceae |
Date Palm; Pindkhajur (H) |
Fruits edible; Leaves for fibre |
|
22. |
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Indian Beech; Karanja (H); Pangam (Tam); Ganuga (Tel) |
Non-edible oil; Timber; Fire wood; Medicinal |
|
23. |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Kino tree; Bijasal (H); Vengai (Tam) |
Wood; Red-gum resin used in medicine |
|
24. |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken |
Sapindaceae |
Kusum (H); Kusumb (Mar) |
Host for lac-insect; Seed oil; Young fruits edible |
|
25. |
Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. |
Strychnaceae |
Nux-Vomica; Kuchla (H); Yetti (Tam) |
Wood for agricultural implements; seed yield Strychnine alkaloid; Medicinal. |
|
26. |
Tamarindus indica Linn. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Tamarind tree; Imli (H); Puli (Tam); Tantul (O) |
Fruits and young leaves edible; Condiment; Timber; Fire wood |
|
27. |
Terminalia arjuna Wt. & Arn. |
Combretaceae |
Arjun (Mar) |
Wood used for agricultural implements |
|
28. |
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. |
Combretaceae |
Bahera (H) |
Wood |
|
29. |
Vitex altissima Linn. F. |
Verbenaceae |
Milla; Maila (Tam) |
Wood |
|
30. |
Wendlandia spp. |
Rubiaceae |
Thavsa (Mar); Bankat, etc. |
Wood useful; Leaves for fodder |
|
31. |
Ziziphus spp. |
Rhamnaceae |
Chinese date; Ber (H); Bor (Mar); Regu (Tel) |
Fruits edible; Fodder; Fire wood |
|
TROPICAL (HUMID) CLIMATES |
||||
|
1. |
Acacia ducurrens Wild. |
Mimosaceae |
Green wattle |
Bark for tanin; Firewood |
|
2. |
Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees |
Lauraceae |
Pisa |
Non-adible oil; Fuel wood |
|
3. |
Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Nees |
Lauraceae |
Phudgus (Mar); Yavaranai |
Timber (Grows in cooer cliamates) |
|
4. |
Averrhoa carambola Linn. |
Averrhoaceae |
Carambola tree |
Fruits edible |
|
5. |
Banksia Serrata Linn. F. |
Proteaceae |
Australian honey suckle |
Wood for boat knees; bullock yokes |
|
6. |
Bischofia javanica Bl. |
BIschofiaceae |
Bishop wood; Paniala (H); Boke (Mar); Nalupumashti (Tel) |
Timber |
|
7. |
Canthium parviflorum Lamk, |
Rubiaceae |
Kirni (H) |
Wood used for toys; Fruits edible |
|
8. |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bl. |
Lauraceae |
Cinnamon; Dalchini(H); Hayangam (Tam) |
Bark yields spice
|
|
9. |
Cryptocarya wight
iana Thw. |
Lauraceae |
Palai(Tam); Gulmur(Kan) Chalta (H & Beng); |
wood useful |
|
10. |
Dillenia indica Linn. |
Dilleniaceae |
Chalta (H & Beng); |
Timber; Jam and jellies from fruits. |
|
11. |
Diospyros Kaki Linn. f. |
Ebenanceae |
Persimmon |
Fruits |
|
12. |
Elaeocarpus spp. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Rudraksham |
Timber |
|
13. |
Erioglossum rubiginosum B1. |
Sapindaceae |
Ritha |
Fruits edible |
|
14. |
Eucalypfus calophylla R. Br. ex Lindi. |
Myrataceae |
Redgum |
Timber; Oil from leaves |
|
15. |
Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. |
Sapindaceae |
Longan; Ashphal(Beng); Wumb(Mar); Puvatti(Tam) |
Fruits edible; Wood useful |
|
16. |
Carcinia indica Chois. |
Guttiferae |
Red Mango |
Fruits edible |
|
17. |
Grewia spp. |
Tiliaceae |
Phalsa etc. |
Excellent timber; Fruits edible |
|
18. |
Hevea brasiliensis (HBK) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Para rubber |
Rubber from latex |
|
19. |
Lagerstroemia spp. |
Lythraceae |
Jarul etc. |
Timber |
|
20. |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
Anacardiaceae |
Jhingan (H) |
Wood; Gum |
|
21. |
Litchi chinensis (Gaerth.) Sonner. |
Sapindaceae |
Litchi |
Fruits edible |
|
22. |
Litsea Stocksii HK. f. |
Lauraceae |
Betel nut laurel |
Timber |
|
23. |
Macaranga peltala (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chanda(Mar); Chandakanne (Kan); Uppila (Mal); Boddi; (Tel) |
Wood for matches, paper pulp; Gum; Shade plant |
|
24. |
Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Kamala (H) |
Fruits yield dye; Timber |
|
25. |
Mammea suriga (Buch. ex Roxb.) Kosterm. |
Guttifeae |
Nagkesar |
Wood useful; Flowers scented |
|
26 |
Mesua ferrea Linn. |
Guttiferae |
Nagkesar (H): Nagappu (Tam) |
Timber; Flowers for cosmetics |
|
27. |
Muntingia calabura Linn. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Singapur cherry |
Fruits edible; shade |
|
28. |
Nephelium lappaceum Linn. |
Sapindaceae |
Rambutan; Ramboostan |
Fruits edible; Wood useful |
|
29. |
Persea americana Mill. |
Lauraceae |
Avocado |
Fruits |
|
30. |
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Indian beech; Karanja(H); Pangam (Tam) Ganuga (Tel) |
Non-edible oil; Timber;Firewood; Medical. |
|
31. |
Sapindus Spp. |
Sapindaceae |
Scope-nut; Ritha (H). Pavamkottai (Tam) |
Fruits used as a soap; wood useful |
|
32. |
Sapium sebiferum (Lour.) Roxb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chinese tallow; Vilaiati Shisham (H) |
Fat from seeds used in Soap and Candle |
|
33. |
Scheffiera spp. |
Araliaceae |
|
Wood useful |
|
34. |
Scheichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken |
Sapindaceae |
Kusun(H); Kusumb(Mar) |
Host for lac insect; Seed yields oil |
|
35. |
Sophora secundiflora DC. |
Fabaceae |
Coral Bean |
Wood useful
|
|
36. |
Syzygium spp. |
Myrtaceae |
Jambul, etc. |
Fruit edible; Timber |
|
37. |
Swietenia spp. |
Meliaceae |
Mahagani (H) |
Timber |
|
38. |
Tamarix spp. |
Tamaricaeae |
Jhau (H). etc. |
Twigs used for making baskets |
|
39. |
Terminalia tomenfosa Wt. & Arn. |
Combretaceae |
Ain (Mar); Asan, Sadri (H); Mathi (Kan) |
Timber; Nest for Tasar Silkworm |
|
40. |
Toona ciliata M. J. Roem. |
Meliaceae |
Red cedar |
Wood useful for many purposes |
|
41. |
Vateria indica Linn |
Dipterocarpac-eae |
White - dammar; Safed damar (H) |
Gum-resin; Oil from seeds; Wood useful
|
|
42. |
Veronia monodid DC.
|
Asteraceae |
--- |
Wood useful; Firewood |
| SUB-TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE CLIMATES | ||||
|
1. |
Acer caesium Wall. Ex Brandis |
Aceraceae |
Trekhan (P); Kinar (Kashmir); Kilu (Kumaon) |
Timber |
|
2. |
Aesculus indica Colebr. Ex Camb. |
Hippocast-anaceae |
Horse chestnut; Kanor (H) |
Nuts edible; Timber |
|
3. |
Alnus nepalensis D. Don |
Betulaceae |
Indian alder; Utis (H); Kochi (P) |
Timber |
|
4. |
Alnus nitida Endl. |
Betulaceae |
Kunis (H); Sharol (P); Chamb (Kashmir) |
Timber |
|
5. |
Castanca sativa Mill |
Fagaceae |
Sweet chest-nut |
Timber; Seed edible |
|
6. |
Cordia dichotoma Forst. F. |
Ehretiaceae |
Lasora (H); Vidi Tam) |
Timber; Fruit edible |
|
7. |
Diospyros Kaki L. f. |
Ebenaceae |
Persimmon |
Fruits |
|
8. |
Ehretia acuminata R. Br. |
Ehretiaceae |
Ivory wood; Punia(H); Kula-aja (Beng) |
Fruits edible; Timber |
|
9. |
Elaeicaroys spp. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Rudrasha etc. |
Timber |
|
10. |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb.) Lindl. |
Rosaceae |
Japanese Medlar; Loquat; (H) |
Fruits |
|
11. |
Eucalyptus spp. |
Myrtaceae |
Neelgiri |
Timber; Paper pulp etc. |
|
12. |
Gmelina arborea Linn. |
Verbenaceae |
Ghamar(H); Kattanam(Tam) |
Timber;Fodder |
|
13. |
Grewia spp. |
Tiliaceae |
Phalsa(H) |
Timber; Fruits edible |
|
14. |
Juglans regia Linn. |
Juglandaceae |
Akhrot(H) |
Fruits edible;Wood useful |
|
15. |
Legerstroemia spp. |
Lythraceae |
Jarul;Harsingar (H) |
Timber;Ornamental |
|
16. |
Litchi chinensis (Gaertn.) Sonner |
Sapindaceae |
Litchi |
Fruits |
|
17. |
Litsea stocksii HK. f. |
Lauraceae |
Betelnut laurel;Pisi(Mar); Varikeera(Mal) |
Timber |
|
18. |
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chanda(Mar); Boddi(Tel); Uppila(Mal); Chanda Kanne(Kan) |
Gum; Shade plant |
|
19. |
Machilus macrantha Nees |
Lauraceae |
Ladder wood; Kallamavu (Tam); Uravu(Mal) |
Timber |
|
20. |
Maliotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Kamala (H) |
Timber;Fruits yield dye |
|
21. |
Moringa oleifera Lamk. |
Moringaceae |
Drum-stick; Sainjana (H) Murangai (Tam); Shevaga(Mar); Munaga (Tel) |
Leaves, flowers and fruits used as vegetables;Medicinal |
|
22. |
Muntingia calabura Linn. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Singapur-cherry |
Fruits edible |
|
23. |
Orchard plants including citrus, apples, cherries, pears, plums, berries and nuts |
|
|
Fruits and nuts |
|
24. |
Paulownia tomentosa Steud. |
Scrophulariaceae |
Himalayan Poplar |
Wood useful |
|
25. |
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle |
Salicaceae |
Piplas |
Timber |
|
26. |
Quercus dilatata Lindl. |
Fagaceae |
Moru |
Timber;Fodder |
|
27. |
Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. |
Fabaceae |
False acacia |
Timber |
|
28. |
Salix spp. |
Salicaceae |
Indian willow |
Timber |
|
29. |
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. |
Sapindaceae |
Soapnut;Ritha(H); Reetha(P); Puvomkottai (Tam) |
Timber; Fruits as soap |
|
30. |
Sapium sebiferum (Linn.) Roxb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chinese Tallow-tree;Vilaiti shisham(H) |
Fat from seed used in soap and candles |
|
31. |
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken |
Sapindaceae |
Kusum(H); Kusumb(Mar) |
Host for lac-insect; Seed yields oil |
|
32. |
Swietenia spp. |
Meliaceae |
Mahagani(H) |
Timber |
|
33. |
Symplocos laurina (Retz.) Wall. ex Rehder |
Symplocaceae |
Lodh |
Wood as fuel |
|
34. |
Syzygium cumini Skeels |
Hyrtaceae |
Mlack plum; Jamun (H) |
Fruits;Medicinal |
|
35. |
Toona ciliata M.J. Roem |
Meliaceae |
Toon |
Wood |
| WATER COURSES/ CANALS | ||||
|
1. |
Alseodaphne semcarifolia Nees |
Lauraceae |
Phudgus(Mar); Yavaranai (Tam); Massi (Kan) |
Timber (Grows in cooler climates) |
|
2. |
Bischofia javanica Bl. |
Bischofiaceae |
Bishop wood; Paniala (H); Boke(Mar); Nalupumushti (Tel) |
Wood useful for planking, buildings etc., railway sleepers |
|
3. |
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. |
Guttiferae |
Alexandrian laurel; Sultana champa(H); Pinnakottai (Tam) |
Wood useful; Seed yields oil |
|
4. |
Dipterocarpus spp. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
Black dammar |
Valuable timber |
|
5. |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. |
Arecaceae |
Red oil palm |
Palm oil from fruits |
|
6. |
Melaleuca leucodendron Linn. |
Myrtaceae |
Kayapati(H); Kaiyappudai (Tam) |
Leaves yield oil |
|
7. |
Populus spp. |
Salicaceae |
Indian willow; Bahan(H) |
Wood for match boxes, packing cases etc.; |
|
8. |
Salix spp. |
Salicaceae |
Indian willow; Bis (H) |
Wood for gun powder, charcoal, cricket bats |
|
9. |
Syzygium cumini Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
Black plum; Jamun (H) |
Fruits edible; Wood useful Medicinal |
|
10. |
Terminalia chebula Retz. |
Combretaceae |
Gall-nut Myrabolan; Hard (H); Kadukai (Tam); Hirda Mar) |
Timber; Bark for tanning and dyeing; Fruits medicinal |
|
11. |
Vitex leucozylon Linn. |
Verbenaceaee |
Chirai gori (H) |
Wood for furniture and carts |
| SEA COASTS | ||||
|
1. |
Anacardium occidentale Linn. |
Anacardianceae |
Cashewnut;Kaju (H) |
Cashew apple and kernel edible, shell oil useful |
|
2. |
Borassus flabellifer Linn. |
Arecaceae |
Palmyra; Tal (H & Beng) Tad(Mar & Guj); Panei (Tam) |
Used for posts, refters etc.; Leaves for thatching mats, fans, basket work; fruits edible; Sap of peduncle for 'toddy' and Palm sugar |
|
3. |
Cocos nucifera Linn. |
Arecaceae |
Coconut Palm;Nariyal (H); Thennai(Tam); Tengu(Mal) |
Oil, Copra, Fibre |
|
4. |
Eucalyptus gomphocephala A. Dc. |
Myrtaceae |
Turat |
Timber;Oil |
|
5. |
Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland ex Corr. |
Malvaceae |
Indian tulip; Paraspipal(H); Bhend(Mar); Poovarasu(Tam) |
Bark yields fibre and dye; wood useful |
| PLANTS SUGGESTED FOR SOCIAL FORESTRY | ||||
|
1. |
Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. |
Rutaceae |
Bael tree;Bel (H); Vilvam(Tam); Maredu(Tel) |
Fruits edible; Medicinal; Timber |
|
2. |
Aesculus indica Colebr. ex Camb. |
Hippocastanaceae |
Horse chest-nut;Pangar(H) |
Nuts edible;Timber |
|
3. |
Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. |
Rubiaceae |
Kadamba(H); Kadam(Beng); Vellaicadamba(Tam) |
Wood useful; Flowers fragrant |
|
4. |
Averrhoa carambola Linn. |
Averrhoaceae |
Carambola tree |
Fruit edible |
|
5. |
Castnea sativa Mill. |
Fagaceae |
Sweet chest-nut |
Timber; Seed edible |
|
6. |
Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. |
Bombacaceae |
White silk cotton; safedsimul(H); Ilavu(Tam); Katesawar(Mar) |
Seed fibre; timber |
|
7. |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bl. |
Lauraceae |
Cinnamon, Dalchini(H); Ilayangam (Tam) |
Bark yield spice |
|
8. |
Cocos nucifera Linn. |
Arecaceae |
Coconut tree;Nariyal (H); Thenai (Tam) |
Oil from the nut, copra; Fibre from husk, etc. |
|
9. |
Diospyros kaki Linn. f. |
Ebenaceae |
Persimmon |
Fruits |
|
10. |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. |
Arecaceae |
African oil palm |
Palm oil from fruits; Ornamental |
|
11. |
Elaeocarpus spp. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Rudraksham |
Timber; Seeds made into rosaries |
|
12. |
Emblica officinalis Geartn. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Emblic myrabolan, Amla(H); Avla (Mar); |
Fruits edible; Medicinal |
|
13. |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb.) Lindl. |
Rosaceae |
Lokat (H) |
Fruits |
|
14. |
Eucalyptus spp. |
Myrtaceae |
Neelgiri |
Timber; Oil from leaves |
|
15. |
Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. |
Sapindaceae |
Longan; Ashpal(Beng); Wumb(Mar); Puvatti(Tam) |
Ornamental; Shade; Fruits |
|
16. |
Garcinia indica Chois |
Guttiferae |
Red mango |
Fruits edible |
|
17. |
Gmelina arborea Linn. |
Verbenaceae |
Ghamar (H); Kattanam (Tam) |
Timber; Fodder |
|
18. |
Grewia spp. |
Tiliaceae |
Phalsa, etc. |
Fruits edible |
|
19. |
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. |
Proteaceae |
Silver oak |
Wood used; Shade tree; Ornamental |
|
20. |
Juglans regia Linn. |
Juglandaceae |
Akhrot |
Fruits edible; Wood useful |
|
21. |
Lagerstroemia spp. |
Lythraceae |
Jarul, Harsingar (H) |
Wood; ornamentla |
|
22. |
Leucaena Leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit |
Mimosaceae |
Soobabul (H &Mar); Lasobaval (Guj) Tagarai (Tam) |
Green manure; Fodder; Firewood; Timber |
|
23. |
Limonia acidissima Linn. |
Rutaceae |
Wood apple; Kait(H); Velaga(Tel); Kavath(Mar) |
Fruits edible;Gum;Wood |
|
24. |
Litchi chinensis (Gaertn.) Sonner. |
Sapindaceae |
Litchi |
Fruits edible |
|
25. |
Moringa oleifera Lamk. |
Moringaceae |
Drum stick tree; Sainjana(H); Murangai(Tam); Shevga(Mar); Munaga(Tel) |
Medicinal |
|
26. |
Muntingia calabura Linn. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Singapur-cherry |
Fruits edible; Shade |
|
27. |
Nephelium lappaceum Linn. |
Sapindaceae |
Rambutan; Ramboostan |
Fruits;Wood useful |
|
28. |
Orchard plants-citrus, apples, cherries, pears, plums, |
|
berries and nuts |
Fruits and nuts |
|
29. |
Persea americana Mill. |
Lauraceae |
Avocado |
Fruits |
|
30. |
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Indian beech; Karanja (H & Mar); Pangam(Tam); Ganuga (Tel) |
Non-edible oil; Medicinal; Timber; firewood |
|
31. |
Sapindus spp. |
Sapindaceae |
Soapnut, Ritha (H); Puvamkottai (Tam) |
Fruits used as soap; Timber |
|
32. |
Sapium sebiferum (Linn.) Roxb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Vilaiti shisham (H) |
Fat from seeds used in Soap and Candle |
|
33. |
Sesbania grandiflora Pers. |
Fabaceae |
Basna(H); Avesi(Tel); Hadga(Mar) |
Vegetable; Firewood |
|
34. |
Syzygium cumini Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
Black plum; Jamun(H); Naval(Tam); Jambul(Mar) |
Fruits edible; Medicinal |
|
35. |
Tamarindus indica Linn. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Tamrind tree; Imli(H); Tentul(O) Puli (Tam & Mal) |
Fruits and young leaves edible; Condiment; Firewood, Timber |
|
36. |
Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. |
Rhamnaceae |
Indian cherry plum;Ber(H); Hanthai(Tam) |
Fruits edible; Fodder;Firewood |
|
PLANTS SUGGESTED FOR CROP ROTATION IN AGRICULTURAL FRAMS |
||||
|
1. |
Amaranthus caudatus Linn. |
Amaranthaceae |
Ram-dana(H); nantmul(Beng) |
Food grain |
|
2. |
Brassica spp. |
Brassicaceae |
Mustards & Rapeseed |
Oilseed crop |
|
3. |
Coriandrum sativum Linn. |
Apiaceae |
Coriander; Dhaniya (H); Kothamalli (Tam) |
Condiment; Medicinal |
|
4. |
Cucumis sativus Linn. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucumber;Kheera(H); Kakdi(Mar) |
Vegetable |
|
5. |
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench |
Polygonaceae |
Buckwheat;Kutu(H) |
Food grain crop; Medicinal |
|
6. |
Guizotia abyssinica Cass. |
Asteraceae |
Niger;Kalatil(H); Valesulu (Tel) |
Oil seed crop |
|
7. |
Helianthus annuus Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Sunflower; Suryamukhi(H); Suryaphul (Mar) |
Oil seed crop |
|
8. |
Medicago sativa Linn. |
Fabaceae |
Lucerne;Lusan(P) Lasun ghas(Mar) |
Fodder |
|
9. |
Melilotus indica (Linn.) All. |
Fabaceae |
Sweet clover;Senji(H) |
Fodder |
|
10. |
Phaseolus lunatus Linn. |
Fabaceae |
Double bean;Ban barbati(Beng) |
Vegetable |
|
11. |
Raphanus sativus Linn. |
Brassicaceae |
Radish;Mooli (H); Mula (Mar) |
Vegetable |
|
12. |
Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench |
Poaceae |
Sorghum, Jowar |
Fodder grain; Fodder |
|
13. |
Trifolium alexandrinum Linn. |
Fabaceae |
Egyptian clover; Berseem (H & P) |
Fodder |
|
14. |
Zea mays Linn. |
Poaceae |
Maize, Makka(H); Mokka jonna (Tel) |
Food grain;Fodder |
| HEDGE PLANTS | ||||
|
1. |
Acnistus arborescens Schlect.* |
Solanaceae |
- |
Ornamental;Fruit for birds |
|
2. |
Adhatoda vasica Nees |
Acanthaceae |
Bakas(H & Ben); Adathodai (Tam) |
Green manure;Amenity; Medicinal |
|
3. |
Buddleja madagascariensis Lamk. |
Loganiaceae |
Buddleia |
Ornamental |
|
4. |
Duranta repens Linn. |
Verbenaceae |
Golden dew drop |
Ornamental |
|
5. |
Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. |
Eurphorbiaceae |
- |
Ornamental |
|
6. |
Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. |
Eurphorbiaceae |
Bellyache Bush |
Ornamental |
|
7. |
Justicia gendarussa Linn. f. |
Acanthaceae |
Willow leaved justicia |
Ornamental |
|
8. |
Lagerstroemia indica Linn. |
Lythraceae |
Pride of India |
Ornamental |
|
9. |
Lawsonia inermis Linn. |
Lythraceae |
Indian Privet; Mehandi(H); Goranti (Kan) |
Leaves yield dy |
|
10. |
Synadenium grantii Hk. f. |
Eurphorbiaceae |
African milk-bush |
Ornamental |
|
11. |
Vitex negundo Linn. |
Verbenaceae |
Nigandi(H); Nirgundi (Beng); Vennochi (Tam & Mal) |
Reclamation of forest land;Medicinal |
| AVENUE TREES | ||||
|
1. |
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cun. ex Benth. |
Mimosaceae |
Australian Phyllode acacia |
Firewood |
|
2. |
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. |
Simaroubaceae |
Maharuk (H & Mar); Perumaram (Tam) |
Wood useful |
|
3. |
Albizzia spp. |
Mimosaceae |
Siris (H); etc. |
Wood useful; Shade tree |
|
4. |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
Neem(H); Vaeppamaram(Tam) |
Timber |
|
5. |
Dalbergia spp. |
Fabaceae |
Shisham(H); etc. |
Timber (Durable) |
|
6. |
Delonix regia (Boj) Rafin. |
Caesalpinaceae |
Gul-mohar (H) |
Shade, ornamental |
|
7. |
Dillenia indica Linn. |
Dilleniaceae |
Chalta (H & Beng); Karamal (Mar & Guj) Uvu (O) |
Timber ; Jam and Jellies from fruits |
|
8. |
Ehretia acuminata R. Br. |
Ehretiaceae |
Ivory wood |
Fruits edible |
|
9. |
Elaeocarpus spp. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Rudraksham |
Timber |
|
10. |
Eucalyptus spp. |
Myrtaceae |
Neelgiri |
Timber |
|
11. |
Filicium dicipiens Thw. |
Sapindaceae |
Ningal (Tam); Niroli(Mal) |
Timber |
|
12. |
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. |
Proteacear |
Silver oak |
Timber; Shade tree |
|
13. |
Melia azedarach Linn. |
Meliaceae |
Bakain(H); Malaivembu(Tam) |
Wood; Medicinal |
|
14. |
Parkinsonia aculeata Linn. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Jarusalam Thorn; Vilayati Kilkar (H) |
Ornamental |
|
15. |
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Copper pod; Konda Chinta (Tel) Ivalvagari(Tam) |
Ornamental; Wood useful |
|
16. |
Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Indian beech; Karanja(H); Pangam(Tam); Ganuga(Tel) |
Non-edible oil;Medicinal Timber, Fire wood |
|
17. |
Populus spp. |
Salicaceae |
Himalayan Poplar; Piplas |
Timber |
|
18. |
Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. |
Fabaceae |
False acacia |
Timber |
|
19. |
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. |
Mimosaceae |
Rain tree; Vilaiti siris(H) |
Firewood |
|
20. |
Spathodea campanulata Beauv. |
Bignoniaceae |
Scarlet bell |
Ornamental |
|
21. |
Swietenia mahagoni (Linn.) Jacq. |
Meliaceae |
Mahagani (H) |
Timber |
|
22. |
Syzygium cumini Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
Black Plum;Jamun (H); Jambul(Mar) |
Fruit edible |
|
23. |
Tabebuia spp. |
Bignoniaceae |
Basant rani(H); etc. |
Ornamental |
|
24. |
Tamarindus indica Linn. |
Caesalpiniaceae |
Tamarind tree; Imli(H); Tentul(O); Puli(Tam) |
Timber; Condiment; Firewood; Fruits and young leaves edible |
|
25. |
Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland. ex Correa |
Malvaceae |
Indian tulip; Paras-pipal (H); Poovarasu (Tam) |
Bark fibre |
| ORNAMENTAL TREES | ||||
|
1. |
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. |
Mimosaceae |
Australian Phyllode acacia |
Firewood |
|
2. |
Albizzia procera Benth. |
Mimosaceae |
White siris tree; Velvagai (Tam) |
Timber, Medicinal |
|
3. |
Citharexylum subserratum Sw. |
Verbenaceae |
Fiddlewood tree |
Ornamental |
|
4. |
Erythrina crista-galli Linn. |
Fabaceae |
Dadap, etc. |
Wood useful |
|
5. |
Eucalyptus ficifolia F. Muell. |
Myrtaceae |
Red-flowering fum |
Wood |
|
6. |
Guaiacum officinale Linn. |
Zygophyllaceae |
Lignum Vitae tree |
Wood useful; Resin |
|
7. |
Kleinhovia hospita Linn. |
Sterculiaceae |
Kleinhovia; Panaitteku(Tam) |
Medicinal ; Wood useful |
|
8. |
Kydia calycina Roxb. |
Myrtaceae |
Roxburghs Kydia;Pola(H); Potari(Tel) |
Bark fibre; Wood useful |
|
9. |
Lagerstroemia speciosa (Linn.) Pers. |
Lythraceae |
Jarul(H) |
Wood useful |
|
10. |
Muntingia calabura Linn. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
Singapur-cherry |
Fruits edible |
|
11. |
Parkinsonia aculeata Linn. |
Casealpiniaceae |
Jerusalem thorn; Vilayati Kikar(H) |
Fuel wood; Fodder |
|
12. |
Paulownia tomentosa Steud. |
Scrophulariaceae |
- |
Excellent wood |
|
13. |
Sophora viciifolia Hance |
Fabaceae |
- |
Timer (Grown in cooler climates) |
|
14. |
Spathodea campanulata Beauv. |
Bignoniaceae |
Scarlet-bell |
Ornamental |
|
15. |
Syzygium spp. |
Myrtaceae |
- |
Timer |
|
16. |
Tabebuia spp. |
Bignoniaceae |
Basant rani(H); etc. |
- |
| SHRUBS | ||||
|
1. |
Acacia farnesiana Willd. |
Mimosaceae |
Fragrant acacia |
Bark yield tanin |
|
2. |
Calliandra tweedi Benth. |
Mimosaceae |
Calliandra |
- |
|
3. |
Callistemon linearis DC. |
Myrtaceae |
Bottle brush |
Bark from fibre |
|
4. |
Dombeya mastersii HK. f. |
Sterculiaceae |
Dombeya |
- |
|
5. |
Hamelia patens Jack. |
Rubiaceae |
The spreading hamelia |
- |
|
6. |
Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack. |
Rutaceae |
Orange Jasmine |
- |
|
7. |
Rosa moschata Mill. |
Rosaceae |
Wild rose |
- |
|
8. |
Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham. |
Scrophulariaceae |
Bright coral-red |
- |
|
9. |
Serrissa foetida Lamk. |
Rubiaceae |
- |
- |
|
10. |
Tamarix spp. |
Tamaricaceae |
Tamarisk |
Twigs used for making baskets |
| CLIMBERS | ||||
|
1. |
Antigonon leptpus HK. & Arn. |
Polygonaceae |
Antigonum |
- |
|
2. |
Jacquemonita pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don |
Convolvulaceae |
- |
- |
|
3. |
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers |
Bignoniaceae |
Golden shower |
- |
|
4. |
Porana volubilis Burm. |
Convolvulaceae |
- |
- |
|
5. |
Quisqualis indica Linn. |
Combretaceae |
Rangoon creeper |
- |
|
6. |
Wisteria sinensis DC. |
Fabaceae |
Grape flower wine |
- |
| HERBS | ||||
|
1. |
Ageratum conyzoides Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Ageratum |
- |
|
2. |
Althaea rosea (Linn.) Cav. |
Malvaceae |
Hollyhock |
- |
|
3. |
Bellis perennis Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Daisy |
- |
|
4. |
Calendula officinalis Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Calendula |
- |
|
5. |
Callistephus chinensis (Linn.) Nees |
Asteraceae |
Aster |
|
|
6. |
Celosia argentea Linn. |
Amaranthaceae |
Cockscomb |
|
|
7. |
Centaurea cyanus Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Corn flower |
|
|
8. |
Coleus amboinicus Lour. |
Laminaceae |
Coleus |
|
|
9. |
Coreopsis drummondii Torr. & Gray |
Asteraceae |
Coreopsis |
|
|
10. |
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. |
Asteraceae |
Cosmos |
|
|
11. |
Cosmos sulphureus Cav. |
Asteraceae |
Cosmos |
|
|
12. |
Dahlia spp. |
Asteraceae |
Dahlia (Singles) |
|
|
13. |
Gomphrena globosa Linn. |
Amaranthaceae |
Globe Amaranth |
|
|
14. |
Gypsophila cerastioides D. Don |
Caryophyllaceae |
Gypsophila |
|
|
15. |
Ocimum sanctum Linn. |
Lamiaceae |
Tulsi (H); Tulasi (Kan & Guj) |
|
|
16. |
Papaver rhoeas Linn. |
Papavaraceae |
Lal-post (H) |
|
|
17. |
Phlox drummondii HK. |
Polemoniaceae |
Drummond Phlox |
|
|
18. |
Pimpinella monoica Dalz. |
Apiaceae |
Lady's Lace |
|
|
19. |
Polianthus tuberosa Linn. |
Agavaceae |
Tuberose |
|
|
20. |
Portulaca grandiflora HK. |
Portulacaceae |
Portulaca |
|
|
21. |
Salvia spp. |
Lamiaceae |
Sage |
|
|
22. |
Solidago canadensis Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Golden rod |
|
|
23. |
Tagets erecta Linn. |
Asteraceae |
Marigold; Genda (H) |
|
|
24. |
Tradescantia virginiana Linn. |
Commelinaceae |
- |
|
|
25. |
Zinnia spp. |
Asteraceae |
Zinnia |
|
| NON-LITTORAL HIGH SALINITY AND WATER SCARCITY CONDITIONS | ||||
|
Sr. |
Botanical Name |
Family |
Economic Use |
Ecological Preference |
|
1. |
Eucalyptus magacornuta C.A. Garden |
Myrtaceae |
Shade tree, leaves rich in oil Wind-treak, sheler belts |
- Saline soils, shfting sands |
|
2. |
Tamarix articulata (aphylla) |
Tamarcaceae |
timber useful, fire wood |
|
|
3. |
T. diosca Roxb. |
Tamarcaceae |
Baranches used for making baskets |
River beds and sea coasts |
|
4. |
Thespesia populnea (Linn.) Soland, ex Correa |
Malvaceae |
Shade |
- |
| ALONG BACKWATERS | ||||
|
Botanical Name |
Family |
Occurrence |
Economic use |
|
Sapium indicum Willd. |
Euphorbiacene |
|
Seed yield oil, fruits for fish poison, root bark medicinal |
|
Hibiscus tiliaceaus Linn. |
Malvaceae |
|
Bark fibre used for many purposes, leaves for cattle feed; root medicinal. |
|
FRESH WATEH SWAMPS |
|||
|
Myristica magnifica Bedd. |
Myristicaceae |
|
|
|
M. laurifolia |
Myristicaceae |
|
|
|
M. canarica |
Myristicaceae |
|
|
|
M. malabarica Lam. |
Myristicaceae |
|
Seed oil used for illumination |
|
Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers |
Lythraceae |
|
Wood for structural work, |
|
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. |
Celastraceae |
|
flooring and interior fittings |
|
Eugenia montana |
Myrtaceae |
|
Timber |
|
Carallia brachiata |
Rhizophoraceae |
|
Fruits edible, and also used in treatment of containous ulcers |
|
Eucalyptus ptychocarpa F. Muell. |
Myrtaceae |
|
Very attractive, wood useful. |
|
MANGROVE BEE PLANTS (In the order of their distance from sea water) |
|||
|
Botanical Name |
Family |
Economic Use |
Ecological Preference |
|
Avicennia officinalis Linn. |
Avicenniaceae |
Wood for fuel, leaves used as cattle fodder |
Tidal forests, Neop high tide level salt Marshes |
|
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Linn.) Lamk. |
Rhizophoraceae |
Fire-wood, wood used in house construction |
Swampy regions normal high tide level |
|
Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce |
Rhizophoraceae |
Green manure, wood for charcoal, fuel |
Swampy regions |
|
Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. |
Rhizophoraceae |
Timber, bark for tannin, fruits edible |
Bed level, swampy regions Normal high tide level |
|
Sonneratia acida Benth. |
Sonneratiaceae |
Fruits eaten, medicinal, wood useful |
Swampy regions |
|
Cressa cretica Linn. |
Convolvulaceae |
- |
Saline marshes and coastal sands |
|
Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. |
Acanthaceae |
Cattle fodder |
Further towards land |
|
Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.) Gaertn. |
Verbenaceae |
Ornamental |
Further towards land |
|
Aegiceras corniculatum (Linn.) Blanco |
Myrsinaceae |
Bark for tanning, wood for fuel |
Spring high tide level |
|
Amoora cucullata Roxb. |
Maliaceae |
Wood for posts and fire wood |
On the landward higher land |
|
Barringtonia racemosa (Linn.) Spring |
Barringtoniaceae |
Fire wood, fruit, seed and root medicinal |
Higher land |
|
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. |
Guttiferae |
Timber, seed-oil used in skin diseases etc. |
Higher land |
|
Dalbergia spinosa Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
- |
Higher land |
|
Exeoecaria agallocha Linn. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Wood for match industry. |
Spring high tide level |
|
Heritiera littoralis Dryand |
Sterculiaceae |
Timber, seeds edible, bark for tannin |
Higher land |
|
Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. |
Malvaceae |
Bark fibre, leaves for cattle feed, root medicinal |
Near back waters, tidal streams, along river banks |
|
Salvadora persica Linn. |
Salvadoraceae |
Wood useful |
Saline soil. |
|
Xylocarpus granatum Koen |
Meliaceae |
Wood valuable |
Higher land |
|
X. molluccensis (Lamk.) Roem. |
Meliaceae |
Carapa-oil from seeds |
Higher land |
|
Areca triandra Roxb. |
Arecaceae |
- |
- |
|
Nypa fruitcans Wurmb. |
Arecaceae |
Sweet sap for jaggery, sugar, alcohol and vinegar. Leaves useful. |
Mangrove swamps, tidal forests |
|
Phoenix pludoss Roxb. |
Arecaceae |
Leaves useful; fruits and pith of the stem edible. |
Spring tides on drier areas within salt water mangroves. |